วันอาทิตย์ที่ 30 ตุลาคม พ.ศ. 2554

Detectei estranha

Eu disse a mim mesmo que este pode ser um abrigo antibomba, mas eu sabia que não era.

Até agora, eu não tinha idéia de como voltar atrás. Esta foi a nossa casa, dane-se, para o qual havia pago uma pequena fortuna em dinheiro e uma grande fortuna em tempo e suor, e nós não onde comprar Cialis poderíamos viver nela com um mistério debaixo dos nossos pés, inexplorado. Além disso, quando eu tinha 22 e 23, longe de casa e nas mãos dos inimigos, que eu tinha conhecido dois anos de terror tão constante e intenso que a minha tolerância para o medo foi maior do que a maioria dos homens.

Cem passos mais adiante, parei de novo, porque eu percebi que eu tinha dez andares abaixo do nível do solo, que foi um marco requerendo algum contemplação. Girando e olhando para cima, vi a luz na porta da cozinha aberta Cialis para mulher muito acima de mim, um retângulo opalescente que parecia ser um quarto do tamanho de um selo postal.

Olhando para baixo, eu estudei os oito degraus de madeira nua iluminado à minha frente e oito, e não os doze usual. Como eu tinha ido mais fundo, a lanterna se tornou menos eficaz. As baterias não estavam crescendo fraco, o problema não era nada tão simples ou explicáveis ​​como isso. Onde foi aprovado através da lente, o feixe era tão nítida e brilhante como nunca. Mas a escuridão à comprar levitra frente era de alguma forma mais espessa, mais fome, e absorveu a luz em uma distância menor do que tinha feito mais acima.

O ar ainda cheirava vagamente de cal, embora o cheiro de decomposição era agora quase igual a que odor mais agradável.

Este mundo subterrâneo tinha sido extraordinariamente quieto, exceto para os meus próprios passos e respirando cada vez mais pesado. Parando no ponto de dez andares, no entanto, eu pensei ter ouvido algo a seguir. Prendi a respiração, ficou imóvel, e escutou. Eu estava meio certo de que eu detectei estranha, furtiva sons muito longe sussurrando e oleosa squelching ruídos, mas eu não poderia estar certo. Eles eram fracos e de curta duração. Eu poderia ter sido imaginá-los.

วันเสาร์ที่ 19 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2554

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วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 10 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2554

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Some heart valve patients should remain on blood thinners (except during the actual elective surgery itself). Coumadin&reg is usually stopped several days before surgery and substituted with intravenous heparin. Although this form of anticoagulant therapy is much less convenient heparin has a short life span in the body and will be cleared rapidly after stopping therapy. Coumadin&reg for several days while continuing to thin the blood with heparin up until the elective operation is performed. Coumadin&reg effect has worn off (usually about 3 days) the heparin can be stopped shortly before the start of the elective operation. Coumadin&reg is then restarted when the patient can take oral medications. The safety of operating without any anticoagulation on board must be weighed against the inconvenience(s) of these additional steps. Coumadin is still in effect at the time of your surgery. NOT intended for any diagnostic clinically related or other purpose. I have received numerous questions through ClotCare from DVT and PE patients who want to know where they can go for support.

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วันอาทิตย์ที่ 6 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2554

Achalasia alacrimia disease

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วันพุธที่ 26 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2554

Incubator

Postoperative adhesions of the abdominal cavity (SPBP) and adhesive disease of peritoneum (PRSPs) are one of the major unsolved problems in modern surgical gastroenterologii. Over the past 20 years, the frequency of adhesive intestinal obstruction (JMC) has increased in 1,9 times and has no tendency to decrease (Zhenchevsky RA, 1989; Filenko BP, 2000). Increasing the number of patients is due, apparently increasing number of surgical interventions, the use of surgical treatments for categories of patients who previously received only conservative therapy (Chekmazov IA, 2002). SBB is a major cause of postoperative mortality (Vorobyev AA, Beburishvili AG, 2001). According to the International Society of adhesive on the SBB annually in surgical hospitals treated 1% of all the previously operated patients, relapse after surgical adgeziolizisa ranged from 32% to 71%; disease affects predominantly young, working age, causing disability, social maladjustment, and makes great material costs on ineffective conservative treatment (International Adhesion Society, 2001).

In recent years, increasingly have been used protivospaechnye funds through preventive action which is the separation of wound surfaces that result from surgical aggression (Wiseman DM, 1994; BhatiaD.S., Allen JE, 1997; Edwards GA, Glattauer V., Nash TJ, et al 1997; Strandell A., Thorburn J., Tronstad SE, et al, 1998).

For the prevention of postoperative adhesions, we proposed a method (priority number 2002105340 from 26.02.2002), which consists of intracavitary administration of gel methylcellulose (MC), water-soluble. The introduction of 3% MC gel into the abdominal cavity at the final stage of the operation due to gidroflotatsii wound surfaces prevented their consolidation, gluing fallen from peritoneal exudate and fibrin, respectively, the formation of adhesions.

This substance has good surfactant properties, non-toxic, biologically stable and physiologically inert (Tentsova LI, Alyushin MG, 1985; Pankrusheva TA, Surin, LV, Medvedev OA, 1997), in an experiment on parenteral administration does not affect the immunological reactivity (Razinkov SP, Hemp, AI, AI Lazarev, 1987).

Despite the fact that the spectrum of microorganisms, vysevyemyh of brand viagra peritoneal exudate has no tsellyulazoliticheskoy enzymatic activity and theoretically MC can not be a substrate for their activity, is still a potential possibility that cellulose ethers with intraperitoneal administration may contribute to and / or of peritonitis. In connection with this obvious need to exclude this possibility in experiments in vitro.

To study the effect of MC gel and Na-KMTS on growth and reproduction of bacteria, we used the culture of Staphylococcus aureus 25925, Staphylococcus aureus «Zhaev», Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli 25922, Pseudomonus aeruginosa 1313.

From subsistence agar cultures of the above strains were prepared 1-billionth of a suspension in isotonic NaCl. In the test tube with 5 ml of sterile gels 3% concentration of MC and NaKMTs was added on 10 000 bacterial cells bacterial cultures. To determine the initial amount of microorganisms in the test cultures at once performed sowing 0,1 ml from each tube to a cup with a nutrient agar. As a control, tubes containing 5 ml isotonic NaCl, in which also contributes to 10,000 microbial strains tested.

Experimental and control tubes were placed in an incubator at 37.00 C and incubated for 24 hours. Next, the seeding material in the volume of 0.1 ml on the surface of nutrient agar at 8 and 24 hours of incubation followed by trituration inakulyata spatula. Cups with seedlings were incubated in an incubator for 18 hours and then counted the number of grown colonies. In the seeding of gels MC and NaKMTs immediately after the introduction of Cultures (prior to placement of tubes in a thermostat), there was an increase of bacterial population in the range of 150 to 200 colony-forming units per 0.1 cm

In the seeding of gels MC and NaKMTs after 8 and 24 hours of incubation, growing colonies of test cultures were found, while, as seeding of the test tubes at the same time gave a steady growth in average of 200 colony-forming units.

Thus, the results of the experiments in vitro, indicate that the gels MC and NaKMTs not promote the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, and therefore, infection of the abdominal cavity during their intraperitoneal use to prevent postoperative SPBP and adhesive complications.

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วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 20 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2554

Biopsy material

One of the major problems of general surgery is the problem of postoperative abdominal adhesions. Biologically expedient response, aimed at the localization of the pathological process, is often the cause of illness and severe complications. We purposefully studied some aspects of adgeziogeneza. As a result of lessons learned: no matter what the mechanism of injury, adhesions have a typical organization, adhesions - stage process, the likelihood of adhesions depends on the speed mezotelizatsii defect the peritoneum and its fibrinolytic activity. Adhesion formation is both a protective and adaptive and pathological phenomena can not be considered until the end of the studied and requires further investigation.

Summery:
The problem of development of postoperative adhesion formation of abdominal brand viagra online concavity is one of the basic problems of general surgery. The biologically expedient response, directional on localization of pathological process, frequently becomes a reason of illness and serious complications. In work some parties of adhesiogenesis were targeted studied. As a result of operation the conclusions are made: the solderings have typical organization not dependent on the mechanism of damage, adhesiogenesis is a step process, the probability of development of solderings depends on mesotelisation speed of peritoneal defect and fibrinolytic activity of peritoneum. The adhesiogenesis is simultaneously both protective and pathological phenomenon, can not be considered up to the extremity investigated and requires further researches.

One of the major problems of general surgery is the problem of postoperative adhesions of the abdominal cavity (SPBP) and severe, often life-threatening patient adhesive complications [2, 3, 4, 10]. The formation of postoperative adhesions of the connective serous cavities is a frequent occurrence after surgical procedures and is associated with adhesion of wound surfaces, prolapse of the peritoneal exudate of fibrin to further his organization in the connective tissue [6, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12]. This process is a typical reaction to the damage to the replacement of the defect of connective tissue, however, some patients develop abdominal adhesions slightly, while others already in the early postoperative period may lead to intestinal obstruction with a serious prognosis [1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12]. Thus, biologically expedient response of the body, aimed at the localization of the pathologic process of the abdominal cavity (the demarcation of the pathological focus, revaskulya ization ischemic area, etc.) often becomes the cause of the disease, which can lead to severe complications such as adhesive ileus, and lack of a unified concept of etiology and pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of disease underlines the relevance of the problem.

The aim of our study was focused to study certain aspects of the pathogenesis of postoperative SPBP, which further help to substantiate the developed by us ways to prevent adhesions.

The experiments were performed on white male rats of Wistar, weighing 120-150, under ether anesthesia in aseptic conditions and median laparotomy was performed and the peritoneum exposed to various damaging effects on nature. Animals were removed from the experiment after 12 hours, 1, 3, 7 and 14 days. By opening the abdominal cavity of the severity of adhesions was evaluated visually (the prevalence of the process, flatulence, deformation of adhesions, the presence of effusion in the abdominal cavity, etc.) and using the semantic differential (on a scale with allowance for the significance of each symptom) [7 ]. Abdominal organs involved in the adhesive process, individual spikes were extracted and subjected to histological examination by standard methods.

After 12 hours of opening the abdominal cavity were reactive symptoms (hyperemia of internal organs, etc.). On day 1 was observed acute peritonitis (abdominal effusion wore serosanguineous nature, the volume amounted to 0,5-1,6 ml in different series). On the third day in a small amount of abdominal fluid, peritoneal damaged areas are covered with generic viagra fibrin, sometimes glued together. At the 7 th day of exudate in the abdominal cavity was absent, there were loose viscero-visceral and vistseroparietalnye spikes, which are well sever blunt. In 14 days adhesions were more dense consistency, with their stupid division traumatized soldered bodies.

Histological examination of biopsy material, for day 1 there was violation of the integrity of mesothelial cover in place of injury, the defect is covered by peritoneum peritoneal exudate cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, etc.), red blood cells, fibrin strands. Around the defect was noted hyperemia of the capillaries and microvascular, interstitial edema, lymphocytic infiltration of him. Mesothelial cells in the defect had a cubic shape. On the third day was determined by closing the wound surface mesothelial cells of elongated shape. By 1-2-week histostructure peritoneum in the areas of trauma was not different from intact, only in the connective tissue were based on areas of fibrosis.

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วันอาทิตย์ที่ 9 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2554

Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids is the most common disease in the Coloproctology. According to different authors its prevalence ranges from 11 to 24% among adults, mostly working-age population.

Hemorrhoids are a pathological increase of hemorrhoids, the main manifestations of which are the periodic bleeding from the sites, their disappearance from the anal canal, and the frequent inflammation. Internal hemorrhoids are located in the submucosal layer of the rectum to the anorectal line. External hemorrhoids are located under the skin of the perineum in the projection of the external sphincter.

Hemorrhoids are manifested in two major syndromes - acute attacks and chronic disease course.

Works of national and foreign scientists determined that the basis for pay attention hemorrhoids is pathology of the cavernous vascular structures embedded in the course of normal brand viagra embryogenesis in the submucosal layer of distal colon. One of the causes of hemorrhoids is vascular dysfunction, leading to an increased inflow of arterial blood in the cavernous bodies and reduce the outflow of cavernous veins, which leads to an increase in their size and the development of hemorrhoids. The second leading factor is the degenerative processes occurring in the longitudinal muscle, submucosal layer of the rectum, and bunch of Parkes, retaining hemorrhoids in the lumen of the rectum. Under the influence of unfavorable factors is an increase of hemorrhoids, their displacement in the distal direction, and ultimately - loss of the anal canal. Most of these violations occur in high-risk groups, which include people suffering from constipation, engaged in heavy physical work or sedentary occupations.

Hemorrhoids are manifested in two major syndromes of acute attacks and chronic disease course. In essence, these syndromes are the phases of the same process.

The basis for the development of acute hemorrhoids is often thrombosis of hemorrhoids. At the same time, the inflammatory process, developed as a result proktosigmoidita, mucosal lesions haemorrhoid dense feces can also be a cause of acute hemorrhoids. Thrombosis of hemorrhoids is characterized by increases and the seal and accompanied by pain in the anus. Often appearing tissue edema and inflammatory infiltration gives the impression of infringement of hemorrhoids. In some cases, acute inflammation accompanied by edema and necrosis of the perianal sites. Thrombosis usually begins at the internal nodes and extends further to the outside. This process is usually accompanied by severe pain in the anus. Less often isolated thrombosis of the external nodes, which is manifested in the form of a dense rounded education.

A typical symptom of chronic disease course is made up of repetitive bleeding associated most often with defecation and prolapse of hemorrhoids from anus. Bleeding as a leading symptom of hemorrhoids, there is more than half of patients. Second in frequency is a symptom of hemorrhoids prolapse hemorrhoids. Between increasing duration of disease, its stage and the frequency of loss of hemorrhoids there is a direct relationship. Prolapse of hemorrhoids, as the first symptom noted when referring to a doctor in a small number of patients. With increasing duration of disease (more than ten years) the number of patients with prolapse of hemorrhoids almost twice the number of patients with bleeding from the anus.

The most common cause of primary treatment to the doctor is the separation of blood from the anus. In 80% of patients have a selection of red blood at stool or shortly afterward. In 19% there is an evolution of blood from the anus, regardless of defecation. In some patients a permanent allocation of blood leads to anemia. Most often stands without red blood clots, and much less dark blood with clots.

Anorectal bleeding not only the main symptom of hemorrhoids, but also a characteristic symptom of other diseases of the colon. Manifestation of this symptom is possible with diverticulosis, ulcerative and granulomatous colitis, and most importantly for malignant tumors of the colon. Under the guise of hemorrhoids, especially in the allocation of blood from the rectum, often occur, diseases such as polyps and colorectal cancers. Therefore, for any manifestations of gastrointestinal discomfort, especially in the allocation of blood from the rectum to perform her finger study rectoscopy, columns or irrigoskopiyu.

Dull, constant pain, typical of a long disease course with frequent relapses are fairly common reason for seeking medical attention. The main cause of pain in chronic hemorrhoids is often a chronic anal fissure. Discomfort and anal pruritus, especially pronounced in patients with irritable bowel syndrome or other functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, are more typical of late-stage disease. Virtually all patients with mucus from the anal canal marked comorbidity rectum and colon. Consequently, these symptoms can not be called pathognomonic for hemorrhoids.

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วันอาทิตย์ที่ 2 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2554

Important function

Blood - a special liquid fabric in red, slightly alkaline reaction, constantly moving through the blood vessels of a living organism. In humans, the amount of blood is 1 / 13, body weight, ie, the adult of about 5 - 6 liters, and a teen - 3 liters.

If you take a human blood is placed in a dry tube, and by protecting it from clotting, give it to stand, it will split into two layers. Top layer is composed of a transparent light-yellow fluid - plasma (about 60% of blood volume) and below - deposit of blood cells. In blood plasma is the set of simple and complex substances. 90% of plasma is water, and only 10% of it falls on the dry residue. But as the diversity of its composition! Here and complex proteins (albumin, globulin and fibrinogen), fats and carbohydrates, metals and halides - all elements of the periodic table, salts, alkalis and acids, and various gases, vitamins, enzymes, hormones, etc.

Any substance contained in blood plasma and has a definite and important. Proteins - the building brand name viagra material of our body, fats and carbohydrates - energy sources. Salts, alkalis and acids maintain constant internal environment, a change which is life threatening. Enzymes, vitamins and hormones provide the correct metabolism, growth, development and mutual influence of the organs and systems.

What are the cells - blood cells? This red blood cells - red cells, white blood cells - white blood cells and platelets - platelets.

The bulk of blood cells - red blood cells. They perform a very important function - to carry oxygen. This tiny, visible only under a microscope balls, flattened in the middle in the form of biconcave disk. They resemble a very thin sponge, all the pores which are filled with a special substance - hemoglobin, easy and exciting as it is easy to supply-side Lucky oxygen and carbon dioxide. Red blood cells contain 60% water and 40% solids. 90% of the dry residue accounted for hemoglobin, the remaining 10% consists of proteins, sugars, salts and a variety of other substances contained in blood plasma. The diameter of the erythrocyte - 7-8 microns (a micron is 0,001 mm), width - about 2 microns.

In 1 mm3 of blood contained 4-5 million red blood cells, but only in human blood of their 25 trillion. This is a huge number with 12 zeros: 25 000 000 000 000! If we put all the red cells to each other, you get "stacked" in height at 62 thousand miles - on the axis of this length would rotate a few such planets, like our Earth.

The total surface of all red blood cells at 3800 m2. This is 1500 times greater than the entire surface of the human body. A huge total surface of red blood cells to help them capture and transfer an amount of oxygen that provides full life activity of all organs and tissues. Transport of oxygen - so important task, that most valuable of its execution human red blood cells in the development process even lost their cell nuclei and can no longer reproduce themselves. But place them in the nucleus is filled with hemoglobin, and therefore human red blood cells can capture more oxygen than the red blood cells of lower animals such as frogs. So at higher levels of individual animal cells "sacrifices itself" around the living organism.

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